A violência doméstica (VD) ou familiar afeta a população mundial prejudicando a saúde, liberdade e bem-estar de indivíduos, famílias e comunidades. O bullying, um tipo de violência escolar, envolve comportamentos agressivos intencionais e repetitivos, físicos e psicológicos entre pares, visando prej..

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a aparente contradição entre a instituição da censura no Contrato Social de Rousseau e a censura que sofreu em Genebra e Paris. Para tanto analisaremos o conceito de censura no Contrato Social e os argumentos utilizados por Rousseau nas obras Cartas escritas da Montanha e a Carta à Christophe Beaumont, com apoio na obra de alguns comentadores da obra política de Rousseau. Nossos estudos nos levam a concluir que Jean-Jacques Rousseau admite, de fato, a (...) possibilidade da instituição da censura, no entanto, a ação dos censores deve ser restrita pela opinião pública, tal como a do príncipe em relação às leis. Além disso, se há um processo semelhante deveria atender todos os requisitos da legislação civil do Estado no qual ocorre. Tanto em Paris, como em Genebra Rousseau discorda do modo como procederam em relação às suas obras e sua pessoa. (shrink)

Este trabalho apresenta a experiência de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, desenvolvida na modalidade de pesquisa-ação, no atendimento ambulatorial a um grupo de 20 pacientes em tratamento da hepatite C. As especialidades envolvidas no projeto foram: assistência social, enfermagem, gastroenterologia, ..

Tem-se por objetivo discorrer sobre a problemática acerca do uso de máscaras em manifestações públicas, especificamente acerca da proibição de seu uso em manifestações pacíficas. As liberdades de manifestação do pensamento e de reunião são direitos fundamentais previstos no artigo 5º da Constituição de 1988, constituindo cláusulas pétreas. As vedações são capazes de contrariar tais direitos. Por outro lado, há no próprio dispositivo constitucional da liberdade de manifestação do pensamento, a vedação do anonimato. Deste modo, a pesquisa abordará o limite (...) constitucional da liberdade de manifestação de pensamento e sua relação com o direito de liberdade de reunião. (shrink)

En este artículo se examina la noción kantiana de exposición, que se encuentra en la Crítica de la razón pura y en la Crítica del Juicio. Se sostiene que hay una coherencia en el uso del concepto en la presentación de la doctrina de espacio y el tiempo, la explicación de las razones por las que el método matemático no puede ser empleado en la filosofía, la investigación analítica de los juicios de gusto y la descripción de la índole de (...) las ideas estéticas. La exposición se presenta en todos estos pasajes como un procedimiento de carácter discursivo que permite examinar, sin definirlas, representaciones conceptuales. (shrink)

We present in this article a discussion about gestures produced from the childhood entry in the interface with the experience of school time. It is a discussion woven inside the center for studies and research in education in particular, the times group of the faculty of education of the federal university of Juiz de Fora/MG. Throughout history, time has been discussed in various ways and still is, as well as childhood, conceptually constructed as a result of social, political, religious, and (...) cultural influences. In the attempt to "start thinking", we ask ourselves about what theoretical formulations have been based on childhood at the interface with school time in the field of education? We defend the central thesis that childhood, in a western cut, has been presented in productions still as social time. It is a recent movement to consider childhood as an event, experience, as opposed to the idea of childhood as the stage of life. As a result, considering infancy related to the tension between social time and time as intensity of the present, implies the need for pedagogical gestures that think this tension and, thus, consider the children of the current, narrowing their relations with the school, with knowledge and with life. To enlighten the issues sewn from our concerns, we chose authors such as Agamben, Leal, Bakhtin/Volochinov, Kohan, Vieira, Bento and Meneghel, Kramer, Borba, who focused on childhood and education. In order to problematize the time category, we dialogued with St. Augustine, Oliveira, Marques C. and Marques L, Skliar. The reading of our interlocutors and our listening with/to the school could subsidize the thought that we can invent ways not only imagined as possible with the perspective of reflecting time, childhood, experience and school on other bases. The interrogation, not the conviction, enables the sense of knowledge in the materiality of our practices, produced inside/outside the university. These are underprivileged subjects in curriculum matrices and disciplines that address the issue of children, their childhoods and temporalities. (shrink)

‘Epistemic’ arguments for conservatism typically claim that given the limits of human reason, we are better off accepting some particular social practice or institution rather than trying to consciously improve it. I critically examine and defend here one such argument, claiming that there are some domains of social life in which, given the limits of our knowledge and the complexity of the social world, we ought to defer to those institutions that have robustly endured in a wide variety of circumstances (...) in the past while not being correlated with intolerable outcomes. These are domains of social life in which our ignorance of optimal institutions is radical, and there is uncertainty about the costs of error. This is an argument for the preservation of particular institutions, not particular policies or outcomes, and it specifically identifies these with the institutions that John Rawls called ‘the basic structure of society.’ The argument further implies that to the extent that there is any reason to change these institutions, changes should be calculated as far as possible to increase their ‘epistemic power.’. (shrink)

Savulescu argues that it may be ethically acceptable for governments to require citizens be vaccinated against COVID-19. He also recommends that governments consider providing monetary or in-kind incentives to citizens to increase vaccination rates. In this response, we argue against mandatory vaccination and vaccine incentivisation, and instead suggest that targeted public health messaging and a greater responsiveness to the concerns of vaccine-hesitant individuals would be the best strategy to address low vaccination rates.

The purpose of this article is to open a dialogue between research in social sciences concerning collective emotion and historical investigation concerning a religious and political movement of the...

Modal epistemologies that rely on a fallibilism about modal claims have been gaining traction over the years. This paper critically discusses the accounts of Kung (2009, 2010, 2016) and Dohrn (2018, 2019, 2020b) and argues that they are invariably susceptible to being read as entailing claims of epistemic possibility. Both Kung and Dohrn seek to ground modal intuitions on non‐modal ones, and primarily appeal to the modalizing capacity of imagination to aid in the discovery of modal truths. However, insofar as (...) inference from non‐modal imagination to modal truths remains fallible, then no non‐ad hocdistinction can be made between substantiation of fallible metaphysically modal claims and infallible epistemically modal ones. This is because, barring an agent's infallible knowledge of modal truths, how these truths are argued for must attend the agent's imperfect epistemic access thereof, therefore entailing claims of modality consistent with her epistemic state—that is, claims of epistemic possibility. If modal epistemologies in general non‐modally ground their modal assertions in this fallible fashion, then they seem inevitably interpretable in terms of epistemic possibility as opposed to some non‐epistemic reading of metaphysical possibility. (shrink)

I. Introductio ad totam philosophiam. Philosophia instrumentalis seu logica.--II. Philosophia naturalis.--III. Metaphysics. 2 v.

Pick-and-roll is the most widespread cooperative action among high-level basketball teams and the most applied strategy by coaches to gain an advantage over the rival team. During pick-and-roll, opposing teams perform antagonistic actions based on goals that are expressed in offensive and defensive tactics. The aim of this study is to examine the approaches of high-level coaches on the offensive and defensive dynamics emerging in matches of a basketball elite team during an entire season of the Spanish Asociación de Clubes (...) de Baloncesto league. To this end, we used a mixed-methods approach based on systematic observation of verbatim transcripts of interviews conducted with six high-level coaches about the pick-and-roll dynamics that emerged in matches of the Unicaja Málaga team during an entire season of the ACB league. The observational design was nomothetic, punctual, and multidimensional. The choice of this methodology is justified since we developed an ad hoc indirect observation tool to evaluate the coaches’ perspective on this dynamic. Once the intra-observer reliability of the instrument was confirmed, we performed a polar coordinate analysis to identify the significant relationships between the coaches’ evaluations and the offensive and defensive pick-and-roll elements that supported such verbal behaviors. The results highlight the presence of various offensive and defensive aspects of pick-and-roll emerging in the Unicaja team that were significantly associated with positive and negative evaluations of the coaches. The interview confirms that coach 1 and his staff were less confident in options that pick-and-roll offer, which is also reflected in the record of screens made and simulated, than coach 3. This study shows that the application of mixed methods, by analysis of the polar coordinate of the coding carried out on responses of a systematized interview, has proven to be an effective strategy in obtaining relevant information on the expert knowledge of the elite coaches on the influence of pick-and-roll on tactical actions in basketball. (shrink)

A closer look at Wilhelm Ostwald's articles that originally proposed the concept of autocatalysis reveals that he accepted reactants, not just products, as potential autocatalysts. Therefore, that a process is catalyzed by some of its products, which is the common definition of autocatalysis, is only a proper subset of what Ostwald meant by “Autokatalyse.” As a result, it is necessary to reconsider the definition of autocatalysis, which is especially important for origins‐of‐life research because autocatalysis provides an abiotic mechanism that yields (...) reproduction‐like dynamics. Here, we translate and briefly review the two key publications on autocatalysis by Ostwald to revive his understanding of autocatalysis, and we introduce the concepts of recessive and expansive autocatalysis. Then we discuss the twofold significance of such a revival: first, facilitating the search for candidate processes underlying the origins of life, and second, updating our view of autocatalysis in complex reaction networks and metabolism. (shrink)

Résumé Descartes a adopté envers le scepticisme une attitude que d’aucuns parmi ses adversaires ont jugée ambiguë voire coupable. Il a recouru à des arguments sceptiques pour mettre en œuvre son célèbre doute qu’il concevait néanmoins comme l’acte inaugural d’une philosophie en quête de certitude scientifique. Descartes rejetait ainsi la fin poursuivie par les sceptiques et entendait user du doute contre le doute. Cette stratégie fondée sur un scepticisme des moyens pour combattre la fin et l’esprit même du scepticisme s’est-elle (...) révélée pertinente? Richard Popkin a pensé que non, dans son histoire du scepticisme, et conclu à l’échec d’un Descartes « sceptique malgré lui ». Je me propose de nuancer cette thèse de manière significative, suggérant que Descartes, sceptique à un second degré, était bien conscient de la finitude de l’esprit humain et des limites assignables à la recherche de la vérité des choses telles qu’elles sont en soi. (shrink)

Byzance, menacée depuis deux siècles par les Ottomans, tombe en 1453, un an après la mort du philosophe Pléthon. Ce livre traite de la grandeur et du déclin de la civilisation byzantine qui a revêtu un triple visage en alliant culture grecque, organisation impériale de Rome et religion chrétienne. Il y est question des relations difficiles entre l'orthodoxie grecque et le catholicisme romain, ainsi que du néo-platonisme que Pléthon a diffusé dans la Florence des Médicis, participant ainsi à l'émergence de (...) l'humanisme européen. (shrink)

The history of the mathematical probability includes two phases: 1) From Pascal and Fermat to Laplace, the theory gained in application fields; 2) In the first half of the 20th Century, two competing axiomatic systems were respectively proposed by von Mises in 1919 and Kolmogorov in 1933. This paper places this historical sketch in the context of the philosophical complexity of the probability concept and explains the resounding success of Kolmogorov’s theory through its ability to avoid direct interpretation. Indeed, unlike (...) experimental sciences, and despite its numerous applications, probability theory cannot be tested per se. Rather it relates to practical matters by means of transition hypotheses or bridging principles that match the structure of practical problems with abstract theory. In this respect probability theory has a very special status among scientific disciplines. (shrink)

Las concepciones vanguardistas, desde el arte hasta la política, fueron propias del espíritu de la modernidad. Tras "poner orden" en el mundo y "fijar" las etapas de la historia, quienes se consideraban en la "vanguardia" se veían a sí mismos en posesión de las claves del progreso y como protagonistas de las "revoluciones" necesarias. Escarmentados de "revoluciones totales" que han acabado en posiciones tan conservadoras como las de los "reaccionarios" que se criticaban, parece más conveniente pretender -invirtiendo el famoso dicho (...) de Lampedusa- "que cambie sólo algo, y muy lentamente, para que de verdad cambie todo". Porque no es cuestión de quedarse paralizados, sino de responder adecuadamente al imperativo teórico y práctico que entraña la inversión propia del espíritu de la postmodernidad: de la homogeneidad a la diversidad, de la totalidad a los fragmentos, del orden unificante al mundo policéntrico, de las certezas a las incertidumbres... El pensamiento utópico no puede sustraerse a esos desplazamientos. (shrink)

O presente artigo é fruto de uma pesquisa em andamento realizada na cidade de Jequié­Ba, com o objetivo de problematizar a ausência de educadores do sexo masculino nas creches desse Município, sendo realizado entrevistas como as diretoras das creches e aplicado um questionário com os estudantes do curso de Pedagogia da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, faremos ainda uma abordagem a cerca da feminização do magistério.

The article is a bold extraction of the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) value of traditional African education, attempting to capture the essence of what education made a young person be when he/she qualified for marriage. At the marriage stage an adult was given the green light to become the head of a family and manager of a home, and permitted make all the decisions touching on the family and, at the same time, take care of the community and country at (...) large. In that situation, Prof. F.X. Gichuru has identified the qualifications as five pillars, viz. self-discipline, self-drive, integrity, harmony and patriotism, qualities that have been eroded in Kenya today by modernization and westernization, rendering the people generally irresponsible and non-accountable. The author proposes the five pillars as a solution to this problem, thereby creating a new accountable and responsible people, a new nation and a new leadership quality, targeting the young as the people to culturally transform in the space of twenty years. The African Cultural Regeneration Institute the author founded, now accredited by UNESCO to advise on ICH in Africa, has been proposed as the institution to champion this transformation of the national ethos of Kenya, starting with an initial action of two years. The success of the model will serve other countries of Africa and, indeed, the global community, in showing how ICH can be used to solve the challenges of modern society. (shrink)

La intención principal del presente artículo se centra en tres puntos esenciales y correlacionados entre sí. Nuestra principal intención es presentar, argumentativamente, las razones por las que Juan David García Bacca habría cometido un error al traducir el término heideggeriano Sorge por preocupación y no por cuidado. Pretendemos sostener que el hecho de traducir Sorge por preocupación, distorsiona gravemente todo el andamiaje ontológico y existencial propuesto por Heidegger. Si esto es así, Juan David García Bacca habría elaborado un sistema crítico (...) contra Heidegger, sostenido sobre un error de fondo, de traducción y de nivel de discurso. Es decir, el filósofo español únicamente se habría quedado en un orden de discurso óntico y no ontológico tal y como exige el proyecto fenomenológico heideggeriano.The aim of this essay focuses on three main points which are essentials and related to each other. Our main aim is to present, in our argument, the reasons for which Juan David García Bacca would have erroneously translated Heidegger´s term “Sorge” for “concern” instead of “care”. We hope to maintain the argument that the fact of translating Sorge for concern seriously distorts the ontological and existential framework that Heidegger proposes. If this is a fact, Juan David García Bacca would have developed a critical system against Heidegger, held over a fundamental mistake, at both a discourse and a translation level. In this way, the Spanish philosopher would have only achieved an ontic discourse and not an ontologic one, which is what Heidegger´s phenomenological project requires. (shrink)

Nuestra intención en el presente trabajo es el siguiente: presentar del modo más sintético, concreto y preciso, las claves del “método dialéctico transfinitante” garcibacquiano. Analizaremos desde un punto de vista hermenéutico y crítico, el modo en el que el método dialéctico transfinitante es, en sí mismo, el sustento filosófico del humanismo positivo. Para ello, analizaremos los principales argumentos expuestos en Curso sistemático de filosofía actual que, a nuestro juicio, tal vez sea una de las obras más importantes de toda la (...) producción filosófica de García Bacca. Como trataremos de demostrar a lo largo del presente artículo, la viabilidad y puesta en marcha del humanismo positivo como posibilidad real depende, en gran medida, de la sostenibilidad argumentativa del método dialéctico transfinitante propuesto por García Bacca. (shrink)

RESUMENEl presente artículo pretende dar cuenta del origen y cambio radical de paradigma filosófico sufrido por el filósofo de origen Navarro Juan David García Bacca. En especial, trataremos de analizar cómo y por qué razón, el filósofo español pasa de desestimar la posibilidad de una forma propia del filosofar español desde una perspectiva ontológica, hasta tratar la poesía y la literatura como las formas idiosincráticas del hacer filosofía en español. Esta forma característicamente española de hacer filosofía en español será, pues, (...) determinante para la comprensión del abandono de la etapa existencialista garcibaccquiana, y su renovado interés por la obra del poeta Antonio Machado, y su filosofar por y para el pueblo.PALABRAS CLAVEONTOLOGÍA, GARCÍA BACCA, FILOSOFÍA, ESPAÑOLABSTRACTThis paper pursues to explain the origin and radical philosophical paradigm shift undergone by the philosopher from Navarre Juan David Garcia Bacca. Specifically, we will try to analyze how and why the Spanish philosopher moves from dismissing the possibility of a particular form of Spanish philosophizing from an ontological perspective, to treating poetry and literature as idiosyncratic ways of doing philosophy in Spanish. This typically Spanish way of doing philosophy in Spanish will be, therefore, crucial to understand the abandonment of the Garcibaccquian existentialist stage, and his renewed interest in the work of the poet Antonio Machado and his philosophizing by and for the peopleKEYWORDSONTOLOGY, GARCÍA BACCA, PHILOSOPHY, SPANISH. (shrink)

En este artículo, la filosofía analítico-lingüística es identificada como la metodología predominante en la filosofía del deporte. Según esta propuesta metodológica, la búsqueda de la definición del deporte es la meta principal de la filosofía. La hermenéutica del deporte es opuesta a la de tipo analítico-lingüístico. Analizando el concepto de verdad de Heidegger, se comparan dos concepciones de la tarea de la filosofía: ontología y descrip-ción. La tarea de la hermenéutica del deporte tiene que ver con la descripción. Las expli-caciones (...) hermenéuticas del deporte son un intento de describir la facticidad del deporte, que está compuesta por tres momentos diferentes: corporalidad, capacidades, y tradici. (shrink)

En este artículo se analiza el concepto de imperativo metanoético que Peter Sloterdijk presenta en ¡Has de cambiar tu vida! Nuestro objetivo es iluminar la naturaleza de lo que, en trabajos anteriores, hemos denominado -a raíz de la obra de Bernard Suits-: razón lúdica. Para ello, primero, expondremos y analizaremos el sentido del imperativo metanoético en Sloterdijk, así como los elementos principales de su razón ascética. Segundo, mostraremos cómo ambos son consecuencia del análisis ontológico de corte heideggeriano en la que (...) Sloterdijk basa su propuesta de filosofía moral. Tercero, presentaremos en términos sloterdijkianos tanto el análisis ontológico de Suits, como el posible imperativo metanoético que se desprendería de su razón lúdica. Por último, centrándonos en el papel que Sloterdijk otorga a la figura del «ocioso», mostraremos las posibles conexiones entre Suits y Sloterdijk. Mostraremos la relación que existe entre los imperativos lúdicos y ascéticos donde, además, el acto «jugar» recibe un papel central en la «respuesta a la pregunta por el ser». In this article, we analyze Peter Sloterdijk’s concept of “metanoethical imperative” in You Must Change Your Life. Our goal is to shed light on what, by drawing on Bernard Suits, we call “ludic reason.” To do so, we will present and examine in depth the meaning of Sloterdijk’s metanoethical imperative, as well as the main features of his concept of “askesis.” Second, we will argue that both concepts are the result of the Heideggerian ontological principles underlying Sloterdijk’s moral philosophy. Third, we will provide a “Sloterdijkean” interpretation of Suits’ account of games by focusing on the metanoethical imperative that could be derived from the notion of the ludic reason. To conclude, we will focus on the role that the figure of the “Good-for-Nothing” plays in Sloterdijk’s account, showing connections between Suits’ and Sloterdijk’s approaches. We will argue that, in the philosophical approaches of both philosophers, the idea of game playing is closely tied to the “question on Being.”. (shrink)

En el presente artículo trataremos un tema inédito dentro de los estudios sobre la vida y obra de García Bacca. En especial, trataremos de ver en qué medida la obra de García Bacca puede ser interpretada como una expansión de los límites que, en opinión de Heidegger, la propuesta metafísica nietzscheana lleva asociado de modo intrínseco. En especial, trataremos de analizar comparativamente ambas propuestas metafísicas con el fin de demostrar que si bien parte de la génesis de la propuesta filosófica (...) garcibacquiana responde parcialmente ciertos elementos característicos de Nietzsche, el progresivo contacto de García Bacca con otras perspectivas políticas, filosóficas, económicas, etc., provocan una aproximación paralela a las obras de Machado y Marx. Dicha aproximación a estos y otros factores de influencia, provocan una transformación y ampliación en su propuesta filosófica. (shrink)

Resumo: Neste artigo, investigamos a concepção nietzschiana para a “filosofia do direito”. Assim, apresentamos a hipótese de que o autor possui uma conceituação heterodoxa acerca da filosofia do direito, podendo ser entendida numa perspectiva genealógica. Para coloca-la à prova, analisamos um fragmento póstumo de 1883 em três momentos: incialmente, apresentamos a crítica nietzschiana à filosofia do direito de Rudolf von Jhering. Em um segundo momento, indicamos que Nietzsche sinaliza uma perspectiva genealógica como novo método para ela. Por fim, apresentamos o (...) que ele entende como um exemplo de erro interpretativo dos filósofos do direito: a significação da punição.: In this article, we investigate the Nietzschean conception of “philosophy of law”. Thus, we present the hypothesis that the author has a heterodox concept of the philosophy of law, which can be understood from a genealogical perspective. To put it to the test, we analyzed a posthumous fragment from 1883 in three moments: initially, we presented the Nietzschean critique of Rudolf von Jhering’s philosophy of law. In a second step, we indicate that Nietzsche signals a genealogical perspective as a new method for the philosophy of law. Finally, we present what he understands as an example of an interpretative error by legal philosophers: the meaning of punishment. (shrink)

En este artículo, intentamos demostrar en qué medida la teoria platónica de lo escrito –cuyas reglas se encuentran, principalmente, en la parte conclusiva del Fedro y en el excursus filosófico de la Carta VII– sea instrumento fundamental para la comprensión de la estructura compositiva del Teeteto. Siendo esto así, reconstruimos, en perspectiva prosopográfica y en armonía con aquellas reglas –según las cuales el mensaje filosófico debe adecuarse a la capacidad de aprehensión del deuteragonista– los perfiles de los personajes centrales del (...) Teeteto, determinando sus funciones teatrograficas en el interior del diálogo. Palabras clave: República; Teeteto; Prosografía; Drama; InterpretaciónIn this paper we attempt to show to what extent the Platonic theory of the written –which rules are, mainly, in the conclusive part of Phaedrus and the philosophical excursus of Letter VII– is a fundamental tool to understand Theaetetus’s structure. This being so, we reconstruct, in a prosopographic perspective, and in harmony with those rules –according to which the philosophical message must fit the deuteragonist’s apprehension ability– the profiles of Theaetetus’s central characters, determining their theatreographic functions in the dialogue. Keywords: Republic; Theaetetus; Prosopography; Drama; Interpretation. (shrink)

Los juegos de mesa son un producto cultural emergente estrechamente vinculado a actividades de aprendizaje informal sobre disciplinas variadas como la biología, las matemáticas o los idiomas. De entre estas áreas de conocimiento destaca la Historia, ya que desde el inicio del juego de mesa moderno hace 50 años se han publicado miles de juegos inspirados en las más diversas eras y hechos históricos, desde la Prehistoria hasta la Guerra Fría. Existe un interés académico creciente para desarrollar métodos de Aprendizaje (...) Basado en Juegos para aprovechar el potencial del juego como herramienta didáctica, pero la mayor parte se centra en el uso de videojuegos en el aula, y son escasos los trabajos que analizen el juego de mesa histórico en tanto que actividad de aprendizaje informal. Este trabajo explora el contenido histórico recreado en miles de juegos de mesa entendidos como motores de aprendizaje informal, con el objetivo de conocer qué temas de la Historia aparecen en juegos de mesa comerciales y, por tanto, son susceptibles de aprendizaje por parte de los jugadores. Para ello se ha desarrollado un método computacional basado en el modelado de tópicos y la visualización de datos para la identificación automática de temas en juegos de mesa a partir de sus descripciones textuales. El análisis presentado aquí se centra en un estudio comparativo de tres períodos con una escala diferente: a) la época Medieval, b) el siglo XIX, y c) Segunda Guerra Mundial. Los resultados del trabajo muestran como las temáticas tratadas en los juegos dependen directamente de la época en la que éstos se enmarcan, así como la existencia de marcados sesgos hacia la sobrerepresentación de guerras y la historia de Europa. Estas contribuciones sugieren que los juegos de mesa pueden promover el aprendizaje informal crítico sobre hechos históricos y al mismo tiempo reforzar una percepción pública desigual de nuestro pasado. (shrink)